Author Archives: fei li

About fei li

I have a deep passion for the Great Wall of China and have explored many of its sections, from the well-known to the hidden wild parts. Over the years, I’ve studied its history, architecture, and the legends that surround it. Through my writing, I hope to share this knowledge and help travelers see the Great Wall not just as a landmark, but as a symbol of China’s culture and strength.

How to Get Internet in China for Tourists

If you’re traveling to China, staying connected isn’t just convenient—it’s essential for maps, translation apps, and sharing your trip with friends. But here’s the thing: China uses a separate internet system, so your home data plan probably won’t work. Don’t worry, though—there are easy ways to get reliable internet. This guide breaks down the best options for tourists, with step-by-step tips to avoid headaches.​

How to Get Internet in China for Tourists

1. Tourist SIM Card: The Cheapest & Most Flexible Option​

A local SIM card is the most popular choice for travelers—and for good reason. It’s affordable, works everywhere (even in small towns), and lets you use data, make calls, and send texts. Here’s how to get one:​

  • Where to buy: You can pick one up at major airports (Beijing Capital, Shanghai Pudong, Guangzhou Baiyun) right after landing. Look for booths with signs like “Tourist SIM” or “China Mobile/Unicom.” Staff usually speak basic English, so just tell them your stay length (7 days, 15 days, etc.).​
  • What to bring: Your passport (required for registration—China’s rules say all SIM cards must be linked to an ID).​
  • Cost: Plans start at ¥50 for 7 days (10GB data) and go up to ¥120 for 30 days (30GB data). Most include free calls to local numbers, which is handy for booking taxis or hotels.​
  • Pro tip: Avoid buying SIM cards from random street vendors—they might be expired or not registered properly. Stick to official carrier booths (China Mobile, China Unicom, China Telecom).​

2. Portable WiFi (Pocket WiFi): Great for Groups or Long Stays​

If you’re traveling with family or friends, a portable WiFi device (also called a “pocket WiFi”) is a smart pick. It lets multiple devices (up to 5) connect at once, so everyone can use data.​

  • Where to rent: Rent online before your trip (websites like Klook or Trip.com have good deals) or at airport rental desks. You can pick it up at the airport and drop it off before leaving.​
  • Cost: About ¥20–30 per day, plus a deposit (¥300–500, refunded when you return the device).​
  • How it works: Turn it on, connect your phone/laptop to its WiFi signal, and you’re good to go. It runs on a battery (lasts 8–10 hours), so bring a power bank for long days out.​
  • Best for: Groups, people who use multiple devices, or travelers staying 2 weeks or more.​

3. Public WiFi: Free but Limited​

You can find free WiFi in many public places, but it’s not always reliable. Here are the spots to check:​

  • Hotels & restaurants: Most mid-range and luxury hotels offer free WiFi—ask the front desk for the password. Many restaurants (especially chain ones like Starbucks or Haidilao Hot Pot) have WiFi too.​
  • Airports & train stations: Major airports and high-speed train stations have free public WiFi. Look for networks like “Airport Free WiFi” or “12306 WiFi”—you might need to enter your phone number to get a verification code.​
  • Caution: Avoid using public WiFi for sensitive things (like online banking) —it’s not always secure. Stick to data from your SIM card or pocket WiFi for important tasks.​

4. Key Tips to Stay Connected​

  • Download apps before you arrive: Apps like WeChat (for messaging/payments), Baidu Maps (China’s version of Google Maps), and Google Translate (download offline languages) won’t work without internet. Download them and their offline data before you leave home.​
  • Check your phone’s compatibility: Make sure your phone is “unlocked” (not tied to a single carrier). Most phones from the US, Europe, or Australia are unlocked, but double-check with your provider.​
  • Ask for help: If you’re confused, don’t hesitate to ask hotel staff or tour guides. They can help you set up your SIM card or connect to WiFi.​

Staying connected in China is easier than you think—you just need to plan ahead. Whether you choose a SIM card, pocket WiFi, or public WiFi, you’ll be able to share your adventures and navigate with confidence. Enjoy your trip!

Hiking Route: Huanghuacheng Water Great Wall

Beijing’s Unique ‘Wall-in-Water’ Gem

If you’re tired of the same old Great Wall crowds and want something truly unique near Beijing, head to Huanghuacheng Water Great Wall. Located in Xishuiyu (now part of Huanghuacheng Scenic Area) in Huairou District—just a 1.5-hour drive from downtown Beijing—this stretch has a trick up its sleeve: it’s the only part of the Great Wall that dips right into water. Cool, right?

Huanghuacheng Water Great Wall

First, let’s clear up the name mix-up: Xishuiyu used to be the spot’s name, but now it’s all part of Huanghuacheng Water Great Wall Scenic Area (ask taxi drivers for “Beijing Huairou Jiuduhe Zhen Xishuiyu” if you get lost—they’ll know). And don’t worry about hiking skill level: most of it’s well-renovated, so families, beginners, and even older travelers can enjoy it.

Now, the fun part: the hike itself. The wall here has two big quirks. One, you’ll see sections where the stone and brick structure meets a lake—like the wall’s “taking a dip.” It’s surreal to watch, especially on sunny days when the water reflects the gray bricks. Two, some parts are steeper than they look. The slopes are made of large, old bricks, and a few sections have narrow steps—only about 10cm wide! Take it slow here, hold the handrail, and wear sturdy shoes (sneakers work, but hiking boots are better if you have them).

Oh, and keep an eye out for the road that cuts through the wall—weird to see a modern road crossing an ancient structure, but it’s a fun photo op.

The best surprise? The watchtowers. One big tower we passed had a roomy interior—so roomy, in fact, that 9 foreigners were camping there! They’d set up 4 or 5 tents, lit a small bonfire (safe, don’t worry—they kept it contained), and were playing soft music while eating breakfast. They waved and said they’d stayed the night to catch the sunrise over the water. It’s that kind of laid-back spot—no rush, just people enjoying the view.

Huanghuacheng Water Great Wall

This hike isn’t about pushing your limits. It’s about stopping to stare at the wall and water together, chatting with other travelers in the towers, and taking your time. Plan 3–4 hours, bring a water bottle and a snack (there are small stalls near the entrance, but not many along the wall), and don’t forget your camera—you’ll want to show friends the “Great Wall that swims.”

For Beijing day trips, Huanghuacheng is a breath of fresh air. It’s unique, not overcrowded, and perfect for anyone who wants to see the Great Wall in a whole new way.

Hiking the Laolongtou-Shanhaiguan Great Wall

If you’ve ever dreamed of hiking the Great Wall where it dips into the ocean, then the Laolongtou to Shanhaiguan route in Qinhuangdao is for you. This 5-kilometer stretch isn’t just a walk through history—it’s a mix of sea breezes, country views, and two of the Great Wall’s most iconic spots. Trust me, it’s way more memorable than the crowded Beijing sections.

Hiking the Laolongtou-Shanhaiguan Great Wall

Let’s start with the star of the show: Laolongtou (Old Dragon Head). Tucked just south of Shanhaiguan Pass, this is where the eastern end of the Ming Dynasty Great Wall begins—and it literally goes into the Bohai Sea. The stone city here juts 23 meters out into the water, like a dragon leaning down to drink. Stand on the edge at sunrise, and you’ll watch the sky turn pink over the waves while the wall’s gray bricks glow. It’s not just pretty, either—this was a smart defense spot back in the day, letting soldiers keep an eye on both land and sea.

Then there’s Shanhaiguan Pass, known as the “First Pass under Heaven.” This isn’t just a random section of wall—it’s one of China’s three most important Great Wall passes (the other two are Jiayuguan in the west and Juyongguan near Beijing). Named a “First Class National Cultural Site” back in 1961, it’s a proper fortress with big gates, old barracks, and even a small museum inside. Walk through the main gate, and you’ll feel like you’re stepping into a Ming Dynasty military camp—minus the soldiers, of course.

Now, let’s talk about the hike itself. The distance between Laolongtou and Shanhaiguan is about 5 kilometers, but don’t let that small number fool you. Plan for 8 to 10 hours total—plenty of time to stop, take photos, and soak in the views. The best part? The scenery changes the whole way. You’ll start by the sea, with salt air in your lungs and waves crashing below the wall. Then, as you head toward Shanhaiguan, the path winds through quiet countryside—green fields, small villages, and even a few fruit trees (if you’re lucky, you might spot locals selling fresh peaches along the way).

Hiking the Laolongtou-Shanhaiguan Great Wall

For budget travelers, getting here is easy. Take a train from Beijing to Qinhuangdao—there are over 10 trains a day, and the ride takes around 2 to 3 hours. Once you’re in Qinhuangdao, hop on a local bus or taxi to Laolongtou (it’s about 30 minutes from the train station). No need for fancy tours—this route is easy to follow on your own.

And if you want to make it a overnight trip? Camp! The areas around Laolongtou and Shanhaiguan’s Southern Gate are perfect. Set up a tent, and you’ll get to watch the sunset paint the wall orange, then wake up early for sunrise over the sea. Just bring a warm jacket—nights by the ocean can get chilly, even in summer.

This hike isn’t about speed. It’s about stopping to listen to the waves hit the wall, imagining what life was like for the soldiers who guarded these spots, and taking photos that you’ll show off for years. Whether you’re a history buff or just love a good walk with a view, Laolongtou to Shanhaiguan is one Great Wall hike you don’t want to miss.

Hiking Route: Huangyaguan Great Wall

Nestled just 30 kilometers from Jie County in Tianjin, Huangyaguan Great Wall is a must-visit for hikers craving a mix of history, scenery, and manageable trails. Unlike the crowded sections near Beijing, this stretch offers a quieter, more immersive experience—all while boasting a rich past and unique architectural features.

Huangyaguan Great Wall

First, let’s set the scene: Huangyaguan’s story starts in the Northern Qi Dynasty, but what we see today is mostly the result of reconstruction during the Ming Dynasty. This rebuild split the area into two key scenic zones: Huangyaguan itself and Taipingzhai. Stretching 42 kilometers total, it connects Malanyu Great Wall (in Dunhua County, Hebei) to the east and Jiangjunguan Great Wall (in Beijing’s Pinggu District) to the west—making it a small but vital link in the Great Wall’s vast network. It’s even hailed as one of “Jinmen’s Top 10 Attractions,” a nod to its importance in Tianjin’s cultural landscape.

What makes Huangyaguan stand out? It’s often called the “epitome of the Great Wall” and a “masterpiece of Ming Dynasty defense.” Though shorter than famous sections like Badaling, it’s packed with all the elements of a complete ancient defense system: watchtowers, shelters, and even water-ground passes. Every step along the hike reveals how cleverly Ming engineers adapted the wall to the terrain—turning it into not just a barrier, but a well-thought-out fortress.

Now, let’s dive into the hiking highlights—starting with the spots you won’t want to miss.

Hiking Route: Huangyaguan Great Wall

For Panoramic Views: Head to Taipingzhai

If you want to soak in the best wide-angle vistas, Taipingzhai is your starting point. Stand atop this section, and your eyes will stretch over iconic landmarks: Tower No. 9, the elegant Phoenix Tower (Fenghuang Tower), and the Xinan Tower Water Pass. The views here are especially stunning at sunrise or sunset, when the golden light paints the gray bricks and surrounding mountains in warm hues. It’s the perfect spot to pause, catch your breath, and snap photos that capture the wall’s grandeur.

Don’t Miss the Unique Water Pass (Shuiguan)

The real star of Huangyaguan’s architecture is its Water Pass—a one-of-a-kind structure you won’t find on many other Great Wall sections. Shaped like a 5-hole bridge, this pass was built during the Ming Dynasty’s Yongle Period (early 15th century). It’s 75.5 meters long and 12.15 meters high, acting as a critical link between Taipingzhai (east) and the main Huangyaguan section (west).

What makes it special? Unlike dry passes, this one was designed to handle water flow while keeping enemies out. On top, you’ll see crenels (the notched edges) used by soldiers to shoot arrows. Below, an iron fence spans the river—letting water pass through freely but blocking horses and intruders from crossing. It’s a brilliant example of how Ming engineers blended functionality with defense, and it’s a fascinating stop on any hike.

Whether you’re a casual hiker or a history buff, Huangyaguan Great Wall offers a rewarding day trip. Its manageable length (you can tackle key sections in 3–4 hours) and unique features—like the Water Pass and Taipingzhai’s views—make it a hidden gem in Tianjin. Lace up your hiking boots, bring a water bottle, and get ready to walk through centuries of history.

Rainy Day Guide to the Great Wall

Rain on the Great Wall might sound tricky, but it’s actually one of the most magical times to visit. No crowds, mist wrapping around the mountains, and the old bricks glistening—trust me, it’s worth grabbing an umbrella for. Here’s how to make the most of a rainy day trip, no stress involved.

First, pick the right section. Skip wild, unrenovated parts like Simatai’s rough paths—they get super slippery. Go for Mutianyu or Badaling instead. Both have well-paved steps, covered watchtowers (perfect for hiding from downpours), and cable cars to skip the steepest climbs. Mutianyu is my top pick: fewer tourists even on sunny days, so rainy days feel like you have the wall to yourself.

Rainy Day Guide to the Great Wall

Pack smart—this is make-or-break for a rainy trip. Wear waterproof hiking boots (not sneakers! The stone steps get like ice when wet). Throw on a lightweight, hooded rain jacket (breathable is key—you’ll still walk a lot). A small, waterproof backpack helps keep your phone, wallet, and extra socks dry. Oh, and bring a microfiber towel—great for wiping wet hands or glasses when you stop.

Safety first, always. Take your time on steps—hold the handrails (they’re there for a reason!). Avoid the edges of the wall, where rain can wash away loose dirt. If the rain gets really heavy (thunderstorms included), head to the nearest watchtower and wait it out. The staff there are helpful—they’ll let you know when it’s safe to go again.

Don’t forget to soak up the vibe. Rain turns the Great Wall into a postcard. The green hills around look brighter, and the mist makes the distant towers feel like they’re floating. Bring a camera (or use your phone’s waterproof case)—photos of the rainy wall have a soft, dreamy look you can’t get on sunny days.

Afterward, warm up with local food. Most Great Wall entrances have small restaurants nearby. Grab a bowl of hot lamb soup or spicy noodles—nothing beats warming up from the inside after a wet hike. A cup of hot jasmine tea works too!

Rain doesn’t ruin the fun—it just makes the Great Wall feel more special. Follow these tips, take it slow, and you’ll leave with stories (and photos) that sunny-day visitors miss. Just remember: a little rain never hurt anyone, but a wet sock? That’s a disaster—so pack extra!

Exploring the Great Wall of China in December

A Winter Wonderland Experience

December is a magical time to visit the Great Wall of China. It’s when the bustling crowds fade, and the ancient stone walls are wrapped in winter’s quiet charm—sometimes even dusted with snow.

This month isn’t for everyone, but for travelers who love peace and unique scenery, it’s a hidden gem. The cold air brings crisp skies, and the winter light makes the Great Wall’s bricks glow softly.

First, let’s talk about the weather. December temperatures along the Great Wall drop sharply, ranging from -8°C to 5°C (18°F to 41°F) during the day. Nights can plummet to -15°C (5°F), especially in mountainous areas like Jinshanling.

Exploring the Great Wall of China in December

Snow is common in late December. Light flurries turn the Great Wall into a white wonderland, with snow covering the steps and weighing down the branches of nearby pines. It’s a sight you won’t see in warmer months.

But be ready for wind. December winds sweep across the open mountain ridges, making the cold feel sharper. A thick windbreaker and a warm scarf are non-negotiable.

One of the best things about December is the lack of crowds. October’s holiday rush is long gone, and most tourists avoid the cold. This means you’ll have stretches of the wall to yourself.

Imagine standing on a watchtower, with no one else around. The only sounds are the wind and the crunch of snow under your boots. It’s easy to feel like you’ve stepped back in time, away from the noise of modern life.

Photographers love December. Snow contrasts beautifully with the Great Wall’s gray bricks, and the clear winter sky makes every shot vibrant. Sunrise and sunset are especially stunning—pink and orange hues paint the snow-covered mountains.

Exploring the Great Wall of China in December

Different Great Wall sections have unique December charms. Let’s start with Mutianyu. Its well-maintained paths and cable car make it easy to visit even in snow. The cable car ride up offers bird’s-eye views of the snow-dusted wall.

Badaling, the most famous section, is quieter in December too. While it’s still visited, you won’t have to push through crowds. The nearby Badaling Ski Resort even lets you combine Great Wall visits with skiing.

When Is the Best Time to Visit the Great Wall of China?​

For adventure seekers, Simatai is a great choice. Its wild, unrenovated walls look dramatic under snow. Just be careful—snow makes the stone steps slippery, so sturdy boots with good grip are a must.

What to wear? Dressing in layers is key. Start with a thermal base layer, add a thick sweater or fleece, and top it with a windproof, waterproof jacket. Don’t forget warm gloves, a beanie, and thick socks. Thermal boots will keep your feet dry and toasty.

Bring hot drinks too. A thermos of hot tea or coffee will warm you up during breaks. Most food stalls at the Great Wall are closed in December, so pack snacks like energy bars or nuts.

Check cable car and visitor center hours before you go. Many facilities shorten their hours in winter, closing by 4 PM instead of 5 PM. Plan to start your visit early to make the most of the daylight.

December also has a festive touch. Near Christmas, some Great Wall sections (like Mutianyu) decorate with small lights, adding a cozy feel to the winter evenings. It’s a unique blend of ancient history and holiday cheer.

Is December the easiest time to visit? No. The cold and snow require more preparation. But is it worth it? Absolutely.

Visiting the Great Wall in December lets you experience its grandeur in a new way. It’s quiet, beautiful, and full of winter magic. Whether you’re hiking alone or with a small group, you’ll leave with memories that last a lifetime.

So grab your warmest clothes, pack a thermos, and head to the Great Wall this December. It’s a winter adventure you won’t regret.

Exploring the Great Wall of China in November

November is a underrated gem for visiting the Great Wall of China. It falls between the bustling National Day holiday (October) and the cold winter months (December–February), offering a unique blend of lingering autumn beauty, fewer crowds, and crisp, clear days. While the air turns cooler, the quiet serenity and dramatic landscapes make this month ideal for travelers seeking a more intimate, immersive experience of the world’s greatest defensive structure. Whether you’re hiking a well-known section like Badaling or a wilder one like Simatai, November reveals a side of the Great Wall that’s both peaceful and awe-inspiring.

Exploring the Great Wall of China in November

Weather in November: Cool, Dry, and Clear

November’s weather along the Great Wall is defined by cool temperatures and low rainfall—perfect for outdoor exploration without the summer heat or summer humidity. Average temperatures range from 2°C to 12°C (36°F to 54°F) during the day, with nights dropping to near or below freezing (0°C/32°F), especially in mountainous sections like Jinshanling or 司马台 (Simatai).

Rainfall is rare this month—most regions around the Great Wall see only 1–2 rainy days in November, and snow is unusual (though a light dusting might occur in late November at higher altitudes, adding a magical touch without disrupting travel). The air is dry and crisp, which means excellent visibility—you’ll be able to see the Great Wall winding through the mountains for miles, with no haze obscuring the views. One thing to note: November winds can be strong, especially on exposed sections like the top of Badaling or Mutianyu’s western watchtowers. A light windbreaker or scarf will keep you comfortable while walking.

Exploring the Great Wall of China in November

Scenery: Autumn’s Last Hurrah Before Winter

November’s landscapes along the Great Wall are a beautiful transition from autumn to winter. While October boasts fiery red and gold foliage, November offers a more muted, earthy palette—still stunning, but with a quiet charm.

  • Lingering Red Leaves: In lower-altitude sections like Mutianyu (near Beijing), the last traces of autumn leaves cling to the trees. Maple and oak leaves fade from bright red to deep burgundy, while ginkgo leaves turn golden yellow before falling. These scattered bursts of color stand out against the Great Wall’s gray bricks and the increasingly bare branches of other trees, creating a picturesque, almost painterly scene.
  • Barren Mountain Beauty: As leaves fall, the mountains’ rocky contours become more visible. Sections like 司马台 (Simatai) and Gubeikou, with their wild, unrenovated walls, blend seamlessly with the rugged, brown hills—evoking the Great Wall’s original role as a defensive barrier against the vast northern plains. The contrast between the man-made stone walls and the natural mountain terrain is more striking in November, as there’s less foliage to “soften” the landscape.
  • Clear Skies and Sunlight: November’s bright, low-angle sunlight adds warmth to the cool days. In the morning, the sun paints the Great Wall’s bricks in a golden hue; in the afternoon, long shadows stretch across the wall, highlighting its texture and ancient cracks. Sunset is particularly beautiful—skies turn pink and orange, casting a glow over the mountains and making every photo look like a postcard.

When Is the Best Time to Visit the Great Wall of China?​

Visitor Experience: Fewer Crowds, More Peace

One of the biggest advantages of visiting the Great Wall in November is the lack of crowds. October’s holiday rush has long passed, and winter tourists haven’t arrived yet—meaning you’ll have more space to walk, fewer lines at ticket offices and cable cars, and quiet moments to stand on a watchtower and soak in the history without the buzz of large groups.

At popular sections like Badaling, you might even find stretches of the wall where you’re the only visitor—a rare luxury in busier months. This makes November perfect for photography: you won’t have to wait for strangers to move out of your shot, and you can capture the Great Wall’s grandeur in its natural, undisturbed state. For hikers, fewer crowds also mean a safer, more relaxed experience—you won’t have to navigate around other people on narrow or steep sections.

What to Wear and Practical Tips

Dressing in layers is key for November’s cool, variable weather. Here’s what to pack:

  • Base Layer: A thin thermal shirt (preferably moisture-wicking) to keep you warm without bulk.
  • Mid Layer: A fleece jacket or thick sweater—ideal for trapping heat during walks.
  • Outer Layer: A windproof, water-resistant jacket (lightweight is fine, as heavy rain is unlikely). A scarf, gloves, and a beanie are essential too—your ears, hands, and neck will feel the cold, especially in the morning or on windy sections.
  • Shoes: Sturdy hiking boots with good grip. November’s dry weather means the wall’s steps are less slippery than in summer, but some sections (like Simatai’s wild bricks) can still be uneven—proper boots will protect your feet.

Other practical tips:

  • Bring Snacks and Hot Drinks: Most Great Wall sections have fewer food stalls open in November, so pack energy bars, nuts, or dried fruit. A thermos of hot tea or coffee will keep you warm and cozy during breaks.
  • Check Cable Car Schedules: Some cable cars (like those at Mutianyu) reduce operating hours in November (closing at 4:30 PM instead of 5:30 PM). Plan your hike early to avoid missing the last ride down.
  • Choose the Right Section:
  • Mutianyu: Great for families or casual hikers—its well-maintained paths and cable car make it easy to explore, and the lingering autumn leaves are beautiful.
  • 司马台 (Simatai): Perfect for adventure seekers—its wild, unrenovated walls offer a raw experience, and the views of the Gubei Water Town (which lights up in the evening) are magical in November.
  • Jinshanling: Ideal for photographers—its 67 watchtowers and rolling mountain backdrops look stunning in November’s clear light.

Why November Is Worth the Trip

November may not be the most popular month to visit the Great Wall, but it’s one of the most rewarding. It’s a time when you can connect with the wall’s history without distractions—when the only sounds are the wind, your footsteps, and the distant call of a bird. Whether you’re hiking alone, with friends, or with family, the quiet beauty of the Great Wall in November will stay with you long after your trip ends. It’s a chance to see this ancient wonder not as a crowded tourist attraction, but as it once was: a silent guardian of the mountains, standing tall against the changing seasons.

So, if you’re looking for a peaceful, scenic Great Wall experience, pack your warm clothes and head out in November—you won’t be disappointed.

When Was the Great Wall of China Built?

When Was the Great Wall of China Built? Unraveling Its 2,000-Year History

A common question about the Great Wall of China—“When was it built?”—has no simple answer. Unlike a single monument constructed in one era, the Great Wall is a network of interconnected walls, forts, and watchtowers built, expanded, and repaired across 2,000 years by over 20 Chinese dynasties. Its story begins long before the rise of imperial China, rooted in ancient defense needs and evolving with each era’s political and military challenges.

When Was the Great Wall of China Built?

Origins: Spring and Autumn & Warring States Periods (770–221 BCE)

The earliest sections of what would become the Great Wall date to the 7th century BCE, during the Spring and Autumn Period. Before this, ancient clans had already dug trenches and built simple earthen walls to protect their territories—archaeological sites across China confirm these early defensive structures. But as small states emerged and competed for power in the Spring and Autumn and subsequent Warring States Periods (475–221 BCE), defense became more critical.

States like Yan, Zhao, and Qin (in northern China) built longer, sturdier walls along their northern and western borders to fend off rival states and raids from nomadic tribes. These walls were mostly made of packed earth and local stones, stretching hundreds of kilometers but remaining isolated from one another. They were not “the Great Wall” as we know it today—instead, they were regional defenses, each serving a single state’s needs.

Unification: Qin Dynasty (221–206 BCE) – The First “Connected” Wall

The turning point came in 221 BCE, when Qin Shi Huang unified China, ending the Warring States Period and founding the Qin Dynasty. To secure his northern border against nomadic Xiongnu tribes, Qin Shi Huang ordered his engineers to connect the existing northern walls of Yan, Zhao, and the former Qin state. He also extended these walls westward to present-day Gansu Province and eastward to Liaodong (in modern-day Liaoning Province), creating a continuous defensive line stretching over 5,000 kilometers—the first true “Great Wall” of China.

This Qin-era wall was built with forced labor (legend says hundreds of thousands of workers contributed) and used materials like rammed earth, wood, and stones. While much of it has eroded over time, its layout established the basic framework for all future Great Wall expansions.

Expansion and Repair: Han to Yuan Dynasties (206 BCE–1368 CE)

After the Qin Dynasty fell, nearly every subsequent dynasty continued to build or repair sections of the Great Wall, adapting it to their own needs:

  • Han Dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE): Extended the wall westward into Central Asia to protect the Silk Road, adding beacon towers to improve communication.
  • Northern Dynasties (386–589 CE): Focused on repairing northern sections to defend against steppe tribes, using more stone in construction for durability.
  • Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE): Built fewer new walls, as its powerful military kept nomadic threats at bay, but maintained existing sections.
  • Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368 CE): Ruled by Mongols (who originated from the northern steppes), the Yuan had little need for northern defenses, so the Great Wall was largely neglected during this period.

The “Modern” Great Wall: Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 CE)

The Great Wall we see today is mostly the product of the Ming Dynasty—the last and most extensive phase of its construction. After the Ming overthrew the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty, they faced renewed threats from northern nomads (like the Mongols and later the Jurchens). To counter these, the Ming launched a massive rebuilding project spanning over 200 years.

Ming engineers used advanced techniques: they built walls with brick and stone (replacing rammed earth in key sections), added more watchtowers, and created complex defensive systems (like moats and barbicans). The Ming Great Wall stretched over 8,850 kilometers (the length recognized by UNESCO today), from Jiayuguan Pass in the west to Shanhaiguan Pass in the east. It was also the most sophisticated—with features like crenels for archers, drainage systems to prevent erosion, and storage rooms for weapons and food.

When Was the Great Wall of China Built?

A Legacy Spanning Millennia

In short, the Great Wall was not “built” in one year or by one dynasty. Its construction began in the 7th century BCE, was unified by Qin Shi Huang, expanded by dynasties like the Han, and perfected by the Ming—spanning over 2,000 years. In 1987, this ancient network was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, recognized as a testament to China’s engineering ingenuity and the collective effort of countless people across centuries.

Today, when visitors walk the Great Wall’s brick paths, they are treading on layers of history—each stone and brick telling a story of defense, unification, and survival across China’s long imperial era.

Who of the World Leaders have visited the Great Wall of China?

World Leaders on the Great Wall: A Symbol of China’s Global Ties

The Great Wall of China, once a military barrier, has evolved into the country’s most iconic diplomatic stage. Since 1954, Beijing’s Badaling section alone has hosted over 540 foreign heads of state and government leaders , who came not just to admire its grandeur but to forge connections between nations. Their footsteps and remarks have turned this ancient structure into a living witness of international friendship.

Among the most memorable visitors is Russian President Vladimir Putin. During his 2002 trip to Beijing, he fulfilled a long – held wish by climbing Badaling Great Wall. Touching the weathered bricks, he repeatedly exclaimed, “Great! Very beautiful!” . When presented with a certificate inscribed with Mao Zedong’s famous line “He who has never been to the Great Wall is not a true man,” Putin laughed heartily and wrote in the guestbook: “I am amazed by the Chinese nation’s diligence, beautiful scenery, and great history.” His reluctant glance back at the Wall before departing mirrored the deepening 中俄 bond.

US President Bill Clinton also left a profound mark during his 1998 visit. Standing atop Mutianyu Great Wall’s steep 16th watchtower, he marveled, “It’s far more spectacular than I imagined” . More importantly, he used the Wall as a metaphor for US – China relations, stating, “It symbolizes a unified Chinese nation, not a barrier keeping people out.” He emphasized that like the Wall’s builders creating a lasting monument, contemporary leaders should nurture friendship for future generations—a speech that became a highlight of Sino – US diplomatic history.

World Leaders on the Great Wall: A Symbol of China’s Global Ties

European leaders have similarly been captivated. Germany’s first post – war chancellor to visit China, Helmut Schmidt, climbed Badaling in 1975. In his book China as a Neighbor, he described the Wall as “surpassing all expectations, winding through mountains and valleys into the mist” . Sweden’s King Carl XVI Gustaf has even visited twice: first in 1981 to celebrate bilateral ties, and again in 2008 during the Beijing Olympics, linking the Wall to global sports unity . British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher summed up its impact as “the most astonishing ancient structure I have ever seen” .

Leaders from developing nations often see the Wall as a symbol of resilience. Nelson Mandela, at 74, expressed long – held admiration for China during his visit . Pakistani Prime Minister Anwaar – ul – Haq Kakar praised its creators as “true heroes” , while Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez spoke of “feeling the sacred power of a millennium” . These remarks reflect how the Wall resonates across cultural and economic divides.

From Putin’s awe to Clinton’s diplomatic metaphor, the Great Wall transcends its historical role. It is where leaders confront China’s past, celebrate its present, and imagine shared futures. For over seven decades, it has stood as a silent diplomat—proof that great civilizations inspire connection, not division.

Where Is the Start Point of the Great Wall? Unveiling Jiayuguan Pass​

Standing atop any section of the Great Wall of China, one can’t help but feel tiny beside its endless stretch of stone and brick. This sense of boundlessness often sparks a common question: Where does the Great Wall begin? The answer lies in the far west of China, at Jiayuguan Pass in Gansu Province—known as the official western starting point of this world-famous structure.

Where Is the Start Point of the Great Wall

Jiayuguan Pass: Location and Meaning

Literally translating to “Excellent Valley Pass,” Jiayuguan Pass sits at the narrowest point of the western Hexi Corridor, just 6 kilometers southwest of Jiayuguan City in Gansu Province. This strategic location made it a critical gateway in ancient times: it not only marked the start of the Great Wall’s western defense line but also served as a key stop on the ancient Silk Road, connecting China to Central Asia and beyond. For centuries, it stood as a boundary between the agricultural heartland of China and the vast grasslands of the north and west.

The Legend of the “Extra Brick”

The construction of Jiayuguan Pass began in 1372 during the Ming Dynasty, but it took 168 years to fully complete—a testament to its complex design and grand scale. Like many ancient landmarks, it is wrapped in local legends, the most famous being the story of the “extra brick.”

As the tale goes, when planning the pass’s construction, the officer in charge asked the chief designer to calculate exactly how many bricks would be needed. Fearing the number might be insufficient (a mistake that could lead to severe punishment), the designer added one extra brick to his final count. When the project was finished, to everyone’s surprise, there was indeed one brick left unused. This brick was then placed loosely on top of one of the pass’s gates—a symbol of the designer’s precision and foresight. Today, visitors can still see this legendary brick, a small but beloved detail that adds charm to the historic site.

A Masterpiece of Ancient Military Architecture

Jiayuguan Pass lives up to its reputation as the “First and Greatest Pass Under Heaven.” Its defensive system is a marvel of Ming Dynasty engineering:

  • Scale: The pass features a trapezoidal city wall standing 11 meters high, with a total circumference of 733 meters, covering an area of over 33,500 square meters—equivalent to nearly five football fields.
  • Defensive Layers: It has three lines of defense: an inner city (the core fortress), an outer city (a buffer zone), and a moat (a deep ditch surrounding the outer walls). This multi-layered design made it nearly impenetrable to enemy attacks.
  • Historical Role: Beyond its military function, Jiayuguan Pass played a unique role in ancient Chinese society. It was a major stop for Silk Road merchants, and also served as the starting point for exiles—prisoners and former officials banished to the remote western regions.

The First Beacon Tower: The True “Start”

While the main pass is the most famous part, the exact starting point of the Great Wall at Jiayuguan is a small earthen mound—the remains of the first beacon tower, built in 1539. Originally, this tower stood 14 meters tall (as tall as a four-story building) and was square in shape. Over centuries of erosion and weathering, it has shrunk to a low mound, but its significance remains: it was the first in a network of 39 beacon towers around and inside Jiayuguan Pass.

These towers were critical for military communication. When enemy troops approached, soldiers stationed in the towers would send signals using fire (at night) or smoke (during the day), along with flag-waving. This system allowed warnings to travel hundreds of kilometers in just hours—an ancient “early warning system” that helped protect the border.

Jiayuguan Today: A Thriving Tourist Spot

Today, the Jiayuguan City government works tirelessly to preserve and promote this historic site. Recent efforts include launching a TV competition to showcase the pass’s beauty and history, drawing attention from media outlets across China. As a result, more and more visitors now travel to Jiayuguan to stand at the “start” of the Great Wall, walk its ancient walls, and learn about its rich past.

For anyone curious about where the Great Wall begins, Jiayuguan Pass offers more than just an answer—it provides a chance to step back in time, explore a masterpiece of military engineering, and feel the weight of history in every brick and tower. It is not just a starting point, but a symbol of China’s ancient strength, ingenuity, and connection to the wider world.